Microbial Epidemiology of Sepsis and Septic Shock: Worldwide, South Asia, and Central Asia

Sepsis and septic shock remain leading causes of illness and death worldwide and represent final pathways of severe infection by diverse pathogens. The microbial causes of sepsis are continually evolving, driven by patterns of antibiotic use, healthcare practices, vaccination coverage, and socioeconomic conditions. Gramnegative bacilli, Grampositive cocci, fungi, and, in some settings, viral and parasitic pathogens all contribute, with an increasing share of cases associated with multidrugresistant (MDR) organisms. This review outlines current concepts and definitions of sepsis and septic shock, summarizes global epidemiology with a focus on South Asia and Central Asia, and examines principal microbial etiologies and resistance profiles. It also reviews key principles of diagnosis, empiric treatment, antimicrobial stewardship, and prevention.