The Dynamics of Attention Across Automated and Manual Driving Modes: A Driving Simulation Study

Objective This study aims to explore the dynamics of driver attention to various zones, including road, central mirror, center stack, and instrument cluster, across different driving modes in AVs. Background The integration of automated vehicles (AVs) into transportation systems has introduced critical safety concerns, particularly regarding driver re-engagement during mode transitions. Past crashes underscore the risks when drivers overly rely on automation and highlight the need to understand dynamic attention allocation to support safety during automated driving. Method A high-fidelity driving simulation was conducted to examine drivers’ visual attention. Eye-tracking technology was employed to measure fixation duration, fixation count, and time to first fixation (TFF) across distinct driving modes (automated, manual, and transition). These indicators were analyzed to capture both sustained attention (fixation duration/count) and attentional reallocation/latency (time to first fixation), which are the critical aspects of visual attention to different areas of interest (AOIs). Results Findings show that drivers’ attention varies significantly across driving modes. In manual mode, attention consistently focuses on the road, while in automated mode, prolonged fixation on center stack was observed. During the handover and takeover phases, attention shifts dynamically between environmental and technological elements. Conclusion The study reveals that driver attention allocation is mode dependent. These findings inform the design of center stacks in AVs that align with drivers’ attention patterns. By presenting relevant information according to the driving context, such systems can enhance driver-vehicle interaction, support effective transitions, and improve overall safety. Application Systematic analysis of visual attention dynamics across driving modes is gaining prominence, as it informs center stack designs and driver readiness interventions. The generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) findings can be directly applied to the design of center stack or driver training programs to enhance attention and improve safety.