Refractory Behaviour at School in Normal Adolescent Males in Relation to Psychopathy and Early Experience

Two studies of refractory behaviour in school of adolescent boys are reported. A close association between scores on the Psychopathic Deviant Scale (Pd) of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Scale (M.M.P.I.) and teachers' assessments of refractory behaviour suggest that such behaviour could be considered as being on the same continuum as psychopathy and that the Pd Scale might prove a useful index of it. Early adverse experience was also found to be related to refractory behaviour, as in psychopathy.