The tunneling in a double-well potential with dissipation is formulated without referring to instantons. This formulation, in the domain of small dissipation, goes beyond the instanton approximation. Several applications of this formulation for the Ohmic case are presented, and we show that the virtual mixing of excited states induced by dissipative interactions tends to enhance the tunneling rate. This enhancement effect becomes dominant for a super-Ohmic case.
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Fujikawa et al. (1992) studied this question.
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