Signal detection theory was used to study the impact of behaviors occurring with eye gazing on judgments of the gaze. Ten subjects judged the gaze direction of two videotaped gazers while each gazer also smiled, spoke, or displayed a thinking gesture. Results show a response bias for smiling, subjects reporting more eye gaze on those trials. The overestimation bias was independent of eye gaze discriminability.
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Martin et al. (1982) studied this question.
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