Influence of resilience on autonomic nervous system habituation to repeated stress exposure: Insights from heart rate variability and heart rate response

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Study design. Blue Boxes indicate Heart Rate measurements. Demographic Questionnaires were filled out once during the first TSST. The BRS was measured at first and last TSST. Note. TSST = Trier Social Stress Test, BRS = Brief Resilience Scale, HR = Heart Rate, STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, VAS = Visual Analogue Scale.

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  Fig. 2. Average heartbeats per minute (BPM) during each TSST section for each TSST measurement day (Measurement 1-4) with standard errors (SE). Description of the sections: section 1 = baseline (35-40 min of 45 min adaption period); section 2 = preparation/anticipation; section 3 = speech task; section 4 = arithmetic task; section 5 = post task (0-5 min after completion of TSST); section 6 = 30 min post task (30-35 min after competition TSST).

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  Fig. 3. Progression of RMSSD across the six TSST sections for each of the four TSST measurement days with standard errors (SE). Description of the sections: section 1 = baseline (35-40 min of 45 min adaption period); section 2 = preparation/anticipation; section 3 = speech task; section 4 = arithmetic task; section 5 = post task (0-5 min after completion of TSST); section 6 = 30 min post task (30-35 min after competition TSST).

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  Fig. 4. Effects plot from the mixed-effects model showing the association between resilience (BRS) and RMSSD across the six sections of the TSST. The y-axis represents model-predicted RMSSD values, and the plotted lines illustrate the model-estimated relationship between BRS and RMSSD, stratified by TSST section. Error bars indicate standard errors (SE). Section descriptions: section 1 = baseline (35–40 min of the 45-min adaptation period); section 2 = preparation/anticipation; section 3 = speech task; section 4 = arithmetic task; section 5 = post task (0–5 min after completion of the TSST); section 6 = 30 min post task (30–35 min after completion of the TSST).

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  Fig. 5. Effects plot from the mixed-effects model showing the association between resilience (BRS) and heart rate (BPM) across all four measurement days. The y-axis displays model-predicted heart rate values, and the plotted lines represent the model-estimated relationship between BRS and heart rate, stratified by measurement day. Error bars indicate standard errors (SE).