We consider the problem of measurement under the following conditions: The process of gathering the data is such that on any given item only one opportunity for measurement occurs, but simultaneous observation by several instruments is possible. The items to be measured are variable so that one cannot obtain replicate observations with the same instrument which would show directly the variance of the instrument readings. Procedures are discussed for estimating the precisions of the instruments and the variability of the items being measured.
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W. A. Thompson (1963) studied this question.
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