Prognostic Significance of Echocardiographic Characteristics in Patients with Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: comparison with Type 1 Myocardial Infarction

Aim . To outline echocardiographic features and assess their prognostic significance for major cardiovascular adverse events (MACEs) within 12 months in patients with type 2 myocardial infarction (MI), compared to type 1 MI (T1MI). Material and methods . The prospective observational study included 161 MI patients who underwent coronary angiography within 24 hours of admission. Type 2 MI (T2MI) diagnosis aligned with the Fourth Universal Definition. Echocardiography and speckle-tracking echocardiography were performed within 72 hours of hospitalization. MACEs encompassed cardiovascular death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, and HF-related readmissions. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate their associations with the outcomes. Results . T2MI were diagnosed in 74 patients (median age, 65 years; males, 55,4%). During follow up, 18 patients for each MI type experienced at least one MACE event. Left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (LV ejection fraction [LVEF] <50%) was observed in 41 (55.4%) T2MI patients, compared with 66 (75.9%) T1MI patients (p=0.014). Median LVEF and global longitudinal strain [GLS] were 47.5% and 13.4%, respectively, for T2MI, compared to 45% and 13.9%, respectively, for T1MI (p=0.032 and p=0.332, respectively). LV diastolic dysfunction [DD] was observed in 56 (75.7%) T2MI and 77 (88.5%) T1MI patients. Grade III was more frequent in T2MI in comparison with T1MI (14.9% vs 1.1%, p=0.001, respectively), whereas grade I was more common in T1MI patients (75.9% vs 43.2%, p=0.004, respectively). Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction was observed more frequent in T2MI patients, compared to those with T2MI (52.7% vs. 35.6%, p=0.025, respectively). In univariate analysis, grade III DD was significantly associated with MACEs in T2MI (odds ratio [OR] 5.1, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–18.5, p=0.017). In multivariate analysis, GLS ≤ 9.6% (OR = 17.3, 95% CI 3.0-99.5, p=0.001), and prior MI (OR = 16.6, 95% CI 1.7–157.6, p=0.015) were significantly associated with a heightened risk of MACEs in T2MI patients. Conclusion . Patients with T2MI had high prevalence of LV and RV dysfunction. Echocardiographic assessments, particularly speckle-tracking echocardiography, hold promise in predicting adverse outcomes for these individuals.