The London-Ginzburg-Landau concept of superconductivity as a macroscopic quantum state is reviewed. Experimental measurements are then discussed of resistance below Tc, and of enhanced diamagnetism above Tc, both caused by thermodynamic fluctuations away from the Ginzburg-Landau state of lowest free energy. Next the limitations on superconductivity at nonzero frequencies are reviewed: normal electron dissipation ∝ω², and strong absorption above the energy gap frequency. Sum rule arguments relate the superfluid response at low frequencies to the gap; effects of strong electron-phonon coupling are also found. Finally, results of recent work on the resistive state of superconducting filaments above the critical current are summarized.
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M. Tinkham (1974) studied this question.
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