One-step thoracotomy approach for atrial-esophageal fistula repair without cardiopulmonary bypass

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Perioperative findings about atrial-esophageal fistula in two patients. a A CT scan of the chest showing abnormal linear air densities in the left atrium demonstrating an AEF in case 1. b An endoscopic finding with a well-repaired previous fistula site in case 1. c A CT scan of the chest revealing air bubbles at the mediastinum suggestive of an AEF in case 2. d An endoscopic finding was unremarkable for a prior AEF site covered with a whitish exudate scar in case 2

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  Fig. 2. Intraoperative findings showing a well-exposed, ligated AEF site by the left thoracotomy approach in case 1. The white arrow indicates the pericardial side of AEF, and the white arrowhead indicates the esophageal side of AEF