How sex affects the sinus rhythm heartbeat

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Epicardial mapping scheme, activation and voltage map. Panel A Epicardial mapping scheme. Panel B depicts a typical example of an activation map with isochrones and lines of CB (black lines) obtained from the RA. Panel B.1 depicts an example of CB lines (black) with an activation time difference of more than 12 ms. Panel B.2 illustrates a conduction velocity map with arrows showing the direction of activation, with larger arrows showing faster conduction velocities. Panel C shows an example of a total atrial unipolar potential voltage map (mV). BB: Bachmanns Bundle, CB: conduction block, LA: left atrium, LAT: local activation time, PVA: pulmonary vein area, RA: right atrium. Fig. 1

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  Fig. 2. Comparison of atrial voltages between males and females. The upper panel demonstrates the amount of low voltage areas (left panel) and median unipolar potential voltages (right panel) in male and female patients for all 4 atrial regions separately. The middle and lower panel show examples of RA unipolar potential voltage maps of respectively a female and male patient. BB: Bachmanns Bundle, LA: left atrium, PVA: pulmonary vein area, RA: right atrium. Fig. 2

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  Fig. 3. Comparison of conduction velocities between males and females. Both upper and lower panels depict the CV (cm/sec) in the entire male and female population for all atrial regions separately. BB: Bachmanns Bundle, CV: conduction velocity, LA: left atrium, PVA: pulmonary vein area, RA: right atrium. Fig. 3

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  Fig. 4. Comparison of blocklines between males and females. Boxplots showing the amount of CB (upper panel) and cCDCB (lower panel) for the male and female population separately for every atrial region. BB: Bachmanns Bundle, CB: conduction block, cCDCB: conduction block conduction delay, LA: left atrium, PVA: pulmonary vein area, RA: right atrium. Fig. 4

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  Fig. 5. Example of an atrial activation map with lines of block and maximum line length. The upper panel depicts examples of a right atrial activation map with lines of cCDCB obtained from a male (right panel) and female (left panel) patient. The lower panels show the maximum cCBCB length (mm) for all atrial regions for every male and female patient separately. BB: Bachmanns Bundle, cCDCB: conduction delay conduction block. LA: left atrium, PVA: pulmonary vein area, RA: right atrium. Fig. 5