Responsibilities in international research: a new look revisited

code in 1947, the ethics of research on human subjects has been a challenging and often contentious topic of debate. Escala-tion in the use of research participants in low-income countries over recent decades (stimulated by the HIV pandemic and the need to carry out clinical trials expedi-tiously on large numbers of patients), has intensified the debate on the ethics of international research and led to increasing attentionboth to exploitationof vulnerable subjects and to considerations of how the 10:90 gap in health and medical research (ie, 90 % of resources being spent on 10 % of the problems) could be narrowed.