Spoken language comprehension activates the primary visual cortex

Abstract Primary visual cortex (V1) is generally thought of as a low-level sensory area that primarily processes basic visual features. However, in congenitally blind individuals, V1 is involved in language processing, with no evidence of major changes in anatomical connectivity that could explain this seemingly drastic functional change. This is at odds with current accounts of neural plasticity, which emphasize the role of connectivity and conserved function in determining a neural tissue’s role even after atypical early experiences. To reconcile what appears to be unprecedented functional reorganization with known accounts of plasticity limitations, we tested whether V1 also responds to spoken language in sighted individuals. Using fMRI, we found that V1 in normally sighted individuals was indeed activated by comprehensible speech as compared to a reversed speech control condition, in a left-lateralized and focal manner. Activation in V1 for language was also significant and comparable for abstract and concrete words, suggesting it was not driven by visual imagery. Last, this activation did not stem from increased attention to the auditory onset of words, excluding general attention accounts. Together these findings suggest that V1 responds to verbal information even in sighted individuals, potentially to predict visual input. This capability might be the basis for the strong V1 language activation observed in people born blind, re-affirming the notion that plasticity is guided by pre-existing connectivity and abilities in the typically developed brain. Significance statement How flexible is the human brain? Studies of congenitally blind individuals showed that language activates the primary visual cortex. This has been interpreted as evidence for unprecedented functional plasticity from a low-level visual to a language area. To reconcile these findings with known limitations of plasticity based on intrinsic physiology and connectivity, we tested if similar activation can be found in sighted participants. We show that left-lateralized primary visual cortex is activated by spoken language comprehension in sighted individuals, . This suggests that plasticity even in complete blindness from birth is not limitless and is guided by pre-existing connectivity and abilities in the typically-developed brain.