Measuring dimensions of national identity across countries: theoretical and methodological reflections

Two principal dimensions are commonly identified within the complex phenomenon of national identity: national boundaries and attachment to the nation. Few studies have sought to examine them together. By their combination, this study is based on the premise of the tension between a more open and inclusive view of the nation, as reflected in civic identity and patriotism, and a more closed and exclusionary conception, as reflected in ethnic identity and nationalism. The findings from a cross-national analysis provide only partial support for a comprehensive model of national identity and are discussed in light of the limitations of the measures.