Decoding Virulence and Revisiting the Evolution of Klebsiella pneumoniae

A unique and clinically relevant pathotype known as hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) is distinguished by its increased virulence and capacity to cause serious community-acquired infections in otherwise healthy people. HvKp was first identified in the Asia-Pacific region and is now progressively disseminating worldwide, including India and other regions. This study provides a summary of the historical evolution, microbiological characteristics, phenotypic and genotypic determinants, global dissemination, and developing antimicrobial resistance patterns linked to hvKp. The convergence of hypervirulence and multidrug resistance, including carbapenem-resistant hvKp strains, complicates therapeutic management and poses a significant threat to public health. Strengthened surveillance, molecular diagnostics, and antimicrobial stewardship are essential to mitigate the expanding impact of hvKp globally.