Neuroscience and the Persian Garden: Toward a Cultural Landscape Framework for Urban Mental Well-Being

Aims: As urbanization continues to reshape human–environment interactions, modern cities face escalating challenges related to psychological stress and ecological disconnection. In this context, natural landscapes have emerged as powerful tools for promoting mental well-being. This study conceptually examines the alignment between Persian garden design principles and contemporary neurophysiological models—including Stress Reduction Theory (SRT), Attention Restoration Theory (ART), the Contemplative Landscape Model (CLM), and the Sustained Attention Loop—through a systematic qualitative synthesis of peer-reviewed literature. Methodology: Using a theoretical mapping approach, the study analyzes how spatial, geometric, and multisensory elements of Persian gardens may engage cognitive and affective mechanisms that support psychological restoration. Finding: Findings suggest that features such as water symmetry, enclosed spaces, sensory layering, and spatial coherence conceptually contribute to stress mitigation, attention recovery, and contemplative experiences. These insights position Persian gardens as culturally embedded, neuro-supportive landscapes with enduring relevance for urban mental health. Conclusion: The study proposes a conceptual framework that bridges traditional landscape heritage and neuroscience, offering evidence-informed guidance for the design of emotionally restorative environments in contemporary urban planning.