Towards new models based on the promotion of proximity mobility planning for the implementation of LEZs in medium-sized cities in Spain: the case study of Cartagena

The development of low emission zones (LEZs) has been a widely used tool in recent years in Europe's large capitals, with considerable success in the fight against traffic-related pollution. However, its implementation in medium- and small-sized cities is still a challenge that needs to be addressed by local authorities in many countries. This work proposes, in the current framework of convergence of urban planning and transport, a new approach in which the development of an alternative LEZ model is proposed, using as a basis a planning with measures aimed at proximity mobility. To this end, the case study of the city of Cartagena in Spain is taken in which a pilot project is developed with superblocks combined with woonerf-type traffic calming strategies and tactical urban planning actions. In this context, the effects of different alternative scenarios are compared using an innovative hybrid approach with simulation software and full-scale monitoring through the development of an urban laboratory that implements a multilayer digital twin of the study area.