Part 1 of a two-part study explores the consistent two-state pattern of hydrogen across five disciplines, highlighting its functional significance.
This paper is Part 1 of a two-part study of the two-state hydrogen pattern. Part 2 (Paper 37) extends the same pattern to nine scales of material organization; this paper presents it across five basic scientific disciplines that, each under its own name, document the same two-state pattern. Five basic scientific disciplines — physics, chemistry, astrophysics, biology, and cosmology — independently document the same structural pattern: a hydrogen system around a center sustains itself through the equilibrium or coexistence of two states. Each discipline uses its own name for this pattern ("bound ground state", "two-state picture of water", "insulator-metal transition", "bound and free water" in the cell, "warm-hot intergalactic medium"), but the functional pattern is the same in every case. At the atomic scale, hydrogen exhibits a stable bound ground state arising from the Coulomb attractive potential and the quantum kinetic contribution of localization. At the molecular scale, supercooled water exhibits two coexistent liquid configurations (LDL, HDL) with an experimentally observed transition (Kim et al. 2020) and a critical point (You et al. 2026). At the astrophysical scale, Jupiter and Saturn contain molecular and metallic hydrogen in separated regions, while the Sun sustains a radiative and a convective zone within hydrogen-dominated plasma. At the biological scale, the cell contains intracellular water in two simultaneous regimes — bound water around macromolecules and free water in the cytoplasm — which together enable the function of the living cell (Persson and Halle 2008, Ball 2008, Watson et al. 2023). At the cosmological scale, intergalactic hydrogen exists in two coexistent phases: photoionized IGM and warm-hot WHIM. In every discipline the local mechanism differs, but the functional relation remains the same: the center establishes a gradient, the hydrogen system carries it in two regimes, and structure manifests as the result. One two-state pattern, five disciplines, five names. C₀ + γ → H → S. This paper is part of the Generative Dynamics series, Series II (Papers 32–37). The paper is published bilingually (English + Croatian) within a single Zenodo deposit.
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Irena Jakovac (2026) studied this question.
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