Three experiments in free verbal recall compared the learning of common objects with the learning of the words for these objects. In Exp. I (24 male and 26 female Ss), objects were placed on a board, words were on a list. In Exp. II (46 females) and III (62 males), objects (photographs) and words were serially exposed. Groups exposed to objects did better in all experiments.
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Lieberman et al. (1965) studied this question.