Several contemporary disadvantages of the original E‐scales are pointed out, and an up‐to‐date scale is presented. This is standardized on a broadly representative sample and has been constructed by orthodox statistical procedures. The final scale comprises twenty‐four items, half of which are positively‐ and half of which are negatively‐worded. Evidence is presented that the scale is a reliable one, and a factor analysis of responses from the standardization group is presented and interpreted. Validation data are reported and it is shown that scale scores are significantly related to age, socio‐economic status, political affiliation, and F‐scale responses.
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Warr et al. (1967) studied this question.