Some practical guidelines for the design of novel low-band-gap systems. Various donor–acceptor π-conjugated oligomers with different chain lengths containing electron-donating thiophene or pyrrole rings and electron-withdrawing 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (like the one shown here) or quinoxaline rings have been synthesized by Stille cross-coupling. The UV/Vis absorption behavior of these systems is used to give guidelines for donor–acceptor based low-band-gap or even intrinsically conducting polymers.
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Mullekom et al. (1998) studied this question.