This research investigates exposure factors and potential mechanisms contributing both to FGR and altered innate immune responses, effects that may impair lung function, limit immunity to respiratory pathogens, and perpetuate lung disease risk across the life span. Results suggest that oxidative stress and resultant redox and RAAS imbalance occurring at critical developmental intervals could be a central mechanism by which exposure to oxidant air pollutants negatively affect fetal growth, lung growth, and innate immune responsiveness.
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Dye et al. (2025) studied this question.
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