Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Patient–Healthcare Relationships: Psychosocial Perspective

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated into healthcare–ranging from basic health monitoring tools such as heart rate monitors and sleep tracking apps to advanced systems such as AI–powered software and companion robots, it is vital to better understand how these technologies affect the dynamics of patient–healthcare relationships. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive perspective of existing research examining both the observable and potential effects of AI–enabled technologies on existing relationships and interactions among patients, healthcare providers, and caregivers. It also explores the emerging field of patient–AI engagement. Based on existing research and challenges, this paper proposes a conceptual model, a Healthcare–AI Triadic Relational Model, to facilitate analyze, discuss, and communicate the psychosocial impacts of AI–powered healthcare technologies on these patient–healthcare relationships. The discussion concludes by highlighting key considerations and practical recommendations for the implementation of AI technologies within these relational contexts, aiming to improve healthcare outcomes and uphold a patient-centered approach to care.