Ground–Space Bilateral Teleoperation of ETS-VII Robot Arm by Direct Bilateral Coupling Under 7-s Time Delay Condition

A bilateral teleoperation experiment with Engineering Test Satellite 7 (ETS-VII) was conducted on November 22, 1999. Round-trip time for communication between the National Space Development Agency of Japan ground station and the ETS-VII was approximately seven seconds. We constructed a bilateral teleoperator that is stable, even under such a long time delay. Several experiments, such as slope-tracing task and peg-in-hole task, were carried out. Task performance was compared between the bilateral mode and the unilateral mode with force telemetry data visually displayed on a screen. All tasks were possible by bilateral control without any visual information. Experimental results showed that kinesthetic force feedback to the operator is helpful even under such a long time delay, and improves the performance of the task.