Key result
Closed-loop target-controlled infusion improves time-to-target and patient safety during total intravenous anesthesia.
Why the study?
A new closed-loop control method was needed to induce and maintain a desired depth of hypnosis during total intravenous anesthesia.
A proposed two-degrees-of-freedom closed-loop control method for propofol infusion may improve time-to-target and safety during total intravenous anesthesia.
Should not yet change TIVA practice; hypothesis-generating for closed-loop infusion algorithms.
This article proposes a new closed-loop control method to induce and maintain a desired depth of hypnosis during total intravenous anesthesia. The method utilizes two-degrees-of-freedom control, with propofol infusion rate as the input and bispectral index (BIS) as the output. A target-controlled infusion (TCI) algorithm called STANPUMP is used as the feedforward action to achieve the desired BIS response, and a feedback controller based on a Kalman filter deals with model uncertainties. Adding a TCI algorithm as the feedforward action improves the time-to-target and enhances patient safety. This is because it allows for a seamless transition to open-loop control if needed.
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Vegelj et al. (2025) studied Total intravenous anesthesia. Closed-loop control method using two-degrees-of-freedom control with a TCI algorithm was evaluated on Depth of hypnosis (bispectral index [BIS]). A new closed-loop control method using a target-controlled infusion algorithm as feedforward action improves time-to-target and enhances patient safety during total intravenous anesthesia.
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