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A new operational definition of parental empathy and a new instrument, the Parental Empathy Measure (PEM), are introduced. With a sample of 103 parents (50 registered maltreating, 32 matched distressed, and 21 matched controls), the PEM demonstrated good internal consistency, very good interrater reliability, good construct validity, and very good concurrent validity.
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Kym L. Kilpatrick (2005) studied this question.
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