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A distinction is made between emotion perception, that is, to perceive emotional expression in music without necessarily being affected oneself, and emotion induction, that is, listeners’ emotional response to music. This distinction is not always observed, neither in everyday conversation about emotions, nor in scientific papers. Empirical studies of emotion perception are briefly reviewed with regard to listener agreement concerning expressed emotions, followed by a selective review of empirical studies on emotional response to music. Possible relationships between emotion perception and emotional response are discussed and exemplified: positive relationship, negative relationship, no systematic relationship and no relationship. It is emphasised that both emotion perception and, especially, emotional response are dependent on an interplay between musical, personal, and situational factors. Some methodological questions and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Alf Gabrielsson (2001) studied this question.