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A small percentage of our resources for health and human services is devoted to wellness and prevention of illness and social problems. An integrated paradigm for wellness and prevention over the life span is presented for the purpose of theory building, research, clinical application, education, advocacy, and consciousness raising. The model includes 11 characteristics desirable for optimal health and functioning. These characteristics are expressed through the five life tasks of spirituality, self‐regulation, work, friendship, and love. Life forces external to the person are noted to understand the interaction between the individual and societal institutions.
Witmer et al. (1992) studied this question.