Carolingian Arms and Armor in the Ninth Century

"Carolingian Arms and Armor in the Ninth Century." Unlike most previous studies, the present article considers the armament carried by Frankish troops in the ninth century, after the period of Carolingian expansion. To this end it examines the documentary, archeological, and art-historical evidence, reaching the conclusion that many contemporary ivories and manuscript illuminations reproduced current conditions, rather than merely copying antique models as has often been believed. A clear distinction emerges between the armament owned by the wealthy few, who could afford to be mounted, and that of the mass of common soldiers. Only the rich could purchase metal helmets or body armor, which probably took the form of a Romanic cuirass. Swords were likewise costly items, particularly after the improvements in manufacturing technology which took place under Charlemagne. But virtually all could afford a wooden shield and a lance, the standard Frankish weapon for infantry and cavalry alike. Although archery was clearly practiced and encouraged, little is known about the weapons used by Carolingian bowmen.