Introduction: cherished visions & entangled meanings by Jan-Georg Deutsch, Peter Probst & Heike Schmidt - West Africa: modernity & modernization by Richard Rathbone - Kenyatta, God & the modern world by John Lonsdale - Dislocation, memory & modernity: the prophet Isaiah Shembe and the search for voice & space by Liz Gunner - Images of an African modernity: the Likoni Ferry photographers of Mombasa, Kenya by Heike Behrend - Governmentality, materiality, legality, modernity: on the colonial state in Africa by John Comaroff - Reason, modernity & the African crisis by Simon Gikandi - Modernization theory, modernization & African modernities: an outsider's view by Wolfgang Knobl
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Jackson et al. (2003) studied this question.