This paper addresses the development of a lightweight autonomous quadrotor that uses cameras and an inexpensive IMU as its only sensors and onboard processors for estimation and control. We describe a fully-functional, integrated system with a focus on robust visual-inertial state estimation, and demonstrate the quadrotor's ability to autonomously travel at speeds up to 4 m/s and roll and pitch angles exceeding 20 . The performance of the proposed system is demonstrated via challenging experiments in three dimensional indoor environments.
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Shen et al. (2013) studied this question.