Despite increased participation and the spread of innovative outreach programs for underrepresented groups, full social equity in North American sports remains elusive. The greatest disparities remain at the levels of leadership, recreation, and the representation of sports in the mass media. Moreover, many sports programs encourage the practice and habits of mind of domination. These disturbing features can be overcome only by affirming the importance of equity, restoring the public sphere, and tackling the sports-media complex. Among social scientists, it may require more collaborative research, more effective dissemination of results and public education, and new links with the popular movements.
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Bruce Kidd (1995) studied this question.
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