Research on influenza A (H1N1): Advances and future directions (Review)

Influenza A/H1N1pdm09, commonly referred to as swine flu, has remained a significant public health concern since its emergence in 2009. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in the molecular characterization, surveillance and therapeutic strategies related to influenza A/H1N1pdm09. It discusses the genetic evolution of the virus, emphasizing the roles of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in immune evasion and pathogenicity. The present review also highlights the necessity for enhanced surveillance systems that integrate both traditional and novel data sources to improve real‑time outbreak monitoring. Additionally, it discusses the development of novel antiviral compounds, including small‑molecule inhibitors targeting viral polymerase, while addressing challenges related to drug resistance. Advances in vaccine development, particularly multi‑epitope and next‑generation vaccines, are presented as crucial steps toward broader protection against diverse influenza strains. Furthermore, the present review underscores the potential of in silico approaches for drug discovery and genomic analysis to accelerate therapeutic innovations. Overall, the present review emphasizes the importance of continuous research and surveillance to effectively manage and mitigate the effects of influenza A/H1N1pdm09, aiming to provide insight into future research directions essential for public health preparedness.