Transvestites and transsexuals: toward a theory of cross-gender behavior

1 Introduction.- Four Thematic Constructs.- Gender, Gender Identity, and Cross-Gender Identity.- The Complexity of Transvestism.- Transsexualism in History.- 2 The Spectrum of Cross Dressing.- Fetishism.- Fetishistic Transvestism.- Marginal Transvestism.- Transgenderism.- Primary and Secondary Transsexualism.- Drag Queens and Female Impersonators.- Outcomes of Transvestite and Transsexual Careers.- Summary.- 3 A Review of the Literature on Transvestism and Transsexualism.- Early Research and Clinical Description of Transvestism.- Contemporary Studies of Heterosexual Transvestites.- Treatment of Transvestism.- Personality Characteristics of Transvestites.- Childhood Origins of Transvestism.- Primary and Secondary Transsexualism.- Studies Differentiating Transvestites and Transsexuals.- Etiology of Transsexualism.- Follow-Up Studies of Sex Reassignment.- Summary.- 4 Self and Identity.- The Concept of Self.- The Self-as-a-Theory.- Alternative Selves, Divided Consciousness, and Cross-Gender Identity.- Identity and Gender Identity.- Gender Identity in Transvestism and Transsexualism.- Summary.- 5 Sexual Excitement, Fetishism, and Pleasure.- Sexual Script Theory.- Innate Affective Systems and Script Formation.- Sexual Excitement.- Fetishistic Behavior.- Summary.- 6 Research Results.- I: Survey Procedures and Results.- II: Explanations for Cross Dressing.- III: Frequency of Cross Dressing during Early, Middle, and Late Stages.- IV: Bem Sex-Role Inventory.- V: The Cross Dressing Inventory.- 7 Wives of Transvestites.- Survey Procedure and Results.- Problems as Seen by Wives.- Transvestism and Marital Sex.- Choice of Marital Partner: An Hypothesis.- Patterns of Marital Adjustment.- Cessation or Frustration of Cross Dressing.- Survey Wives' Comments to Prospective Wives of Transvestites.- Summary.- 8 A Theory of Heterosexual Transvestism and Secondary Transsexualism.- Foundations of a Theoretical Model.- Ideas Basic to Theory Development.- Definitions of Four Major Explanatory Constructs.- A Five-Stage Theory of Transvestism.- 9 Summary and Conclusions.- References.