Lead Exposure and Oxidative Stress—A Life Course Approach in U.S. Adults

Lead exposure and a marker of oxidative stress (gamma-glutamyl transferase-GGT), and their effects on life course variables (age, country of birth, education levels, gender, ethnicity, income, and occupation) were explored in this cross-sectional study of United States (U.S.) adults' ≥ 20 years of age via the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007⁻2010 datasets. Country of birth, education levels, gender, ethnicity, income, and occupation showed significant differences depending on the degree of lead exposure, with higher levels of exposure resulting in worse outcomes. Age and GGT were significantly associated with lead exposure. More must be done to mitigate sources of lead exposure, to prevent it from altering the life course of at-risk populations.