Artificial intelligence in medicine and nephrology: hope, hype, and reality

In 1665, Robert Hooke, a contemporary and rival to Isaac Newton, proclaimed the arrival of the telescope and the microscope as the "adding of artificial organs, to the natural".These new tools allowed for new discoveries to be made "with prodigious benefits to all sorts of useful knowledge" (1).So too, has the arrival of the semi-conductor chips, computer hard-and soft-ware allowed for the extension of natural knowledge into artificial realms -now known generically as artificial intelligence (AI).Artificial intelligence has now diversified into many forms, such as machine learning (supervised or unsupervised), deep learning, and artificial neural networks (2 ).While AI has