A systematic literature review of open innovation in the public sector: comparing barriers and governance strategies of digital and non-digital open innovation

Based on the PRISMA approach, this article presents a systematic review of how barriers and governance strategies are different between digital and non-digital open innovation (OI). The results show that relational barriers are more influential for non-digital OI, while capacity- and technical-related barriers are the main challenges for digital OI. Moreover, it finds that political commitment and employment of intermediaries are universal strategies for OI. Coercive and mandate strategies are effective only for inter-governmental OI. When citizens and private actors participate offline, strategies are often persuasive-oriented and stress relational governance; when they participate online, strategies focus on technical capacity building.