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The classic ecological theory of Bronfenbrenner is used as a framework for reviewing the risks and factors found associated with the involvement of bullying in school during childhood and adolescence. The theory consists of five environmental systems starting from personal interaction to the influence of a broader culture. After reviewing various literature related to bullying, it is found that the structure or location factors in which children have direct contact include peers, family, community, and school (microsystem), the relationship between family and school such as parental involvement in their children's school (mesosystem), the perception of the teacher or staff about the school environment (ecosystem), the social structure in which students live (macrosystem), and changes in family structure through divorce, displacement, or death (chronosystem) are the main factors causing many bullying behavior in school. Some of our recommendations to prevent and to reduce bullying as an effort to promote a culture of peace include; build partnerships between schools and the environment, improve teachers' ability to manage conflict, review approaches used in implementing punishment, and build a positive school climate.
Analisah et al. (Tue,) studied this question.