Client De Facto States and Quasi-Patrons: Insights from the Relationship Between Somaliland and Ethiopia

De facto states need external support to advance their national interests. Many of them depend on their patron's assistance, thus becoming their clients. In turn, patronless de facto states derive certain benefits from engaging with various external actors. This study proposes including a new category of actors in this group, namely quasi-patrons, whose relations with de facto states resemble the patron—client relationship. This means that patronless de facto states can enjoy greater external support than the literature suggests. To illustrate the relationship between client de facto states and quasi-patrons, the case of Somaliland and Ethiopia is explored.