The Effects of Export Diversification and Concentration on Carbon Emissions: Asymmetric Evidence for Türkiye

Numerous studies have explored thepossible causes ofglobal carbon emissions and climate change; however, theimpact ofexport diversification and concentration onthese emissions is aless examined topic inliterature. This study investigates theeffects ofexport diversification and concentration oncarbon emissions inTrkiye from 1995 to2018, utilizing thenonlinear ARDL method. Thefindings indicate that export diversification reduces carbon emissions after accounting for theeffects ofother control variables, such asrenewable energy, levels ofinequality, and government size. Inthis model, anincrease inrenewable energy, inequality, and government size leads tohigher carbon emissions and worsens environmental quality, although theenvironmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is supported. Additionally, this study reveals that positive shocks inexport concentration reduce carbon emissions, while negative shocks increase emissions. This hypothesis remains valid for thespecified period inTrkiye, but thecontrol variables display behavior similar toexport diversification. Theresults suggest that mitigating climate change and improving environmental quality inTrkiye relies onpolicies that support export diversification and concentration.