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In this study, we employed high-precision 3D printing to accurately reconstruct bio-scaffolds with varying morphologies that mimic the ECM, thereby eliminating the interference of complex biochemical signals. We systematically evaluated cellular responses to defined environmental features within heterogeneous ECMs, observing and summarizing novel phenomena, while further validating and elucidating the mechanisms by which the ECM regulates cell behavior. Ultimately, we demonstrated the potential applications of ECMs in regulating cell morphology and biological function.
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Liu et al. (2025) studied this question.
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