Hierarchical scalable models of semi-active wake-up radio for wireless sensor network simulations

This paper develops a set of hierarchical models for semi-active wake-up radios (WURs) to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). First, mathematical analytical models are formulated to estimate wake-up performance, including false and missed wake-ups, providing a rapid first-order evaluation. Next, electrical simulations refine accuracy by evaluating power consumption and sensitivity across different circuit topologies. To validate the models, three WUR prototypes with distinct rectifier designs are fabricated and experimentally tested. Finally, these models are implemented in OMNeT++ to compare their accuracy and computational efficiency in sensor network simulations. The proposed framework provides a structured methodology for evaluating WUR designs and optimizing the trade-offs between energy efficiency and wake-up reliability in WSN applications.