Rogoff: One of the things our work has in common is that its inception as a project isn't organized around an existent subject or an existent methodology. Therefore, it seems possible to think about its starting point as a position of being “without,” which is not a form of negation of existing subjects and methods, nor a form of lack. “Without” is an interesting formulation because it isn't turning your back on, or denying, what you had at your disposal previously. It assumes that you had a model, to begin with.
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Phelan et al. (2001) studied this question.
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