Perspectives

THE ISSUE A Proposal for Action: Strategies for Recognizing Heritage Language Competence as a Learning Resource within the Mainstream Classroom JIM CUMMINS, University of Toronto THE COMMENTARIES More than a Silver Bullet: The Role of Chinese as a Heritage Language in the United States SCOTT MCGINNIS, Defense Language Institute, Washington Office The Reemergence of Heritage and Community Language Policy in the U.S. National Spotlight TERRENCE G. WILEY, Arizona State University Positioning Heritage Languages in the United States OFELIA GARCÍA, Teachers College, Columbia University Opening and Filling Up Implementational and Ideological Spaces in Heritage Language Education NANCY H. HORNBERGER, The University of Pennsylvania The Use of Heritage Language: An African Perspective JANINA BRUTT–GRIFFLER, University of York, United Kingdom SINFREE MAKONI, The Pennsylvania State University A European Perspective on Heritage Languages KEES DE BOT, University of Groningen, The Netherlands DURK GORTER, University of Amsterdam & Fryske Akademy, The Netherlands