Unity within Diversity: Foundations and Dynamics of National Identity in Iran

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1 See, for instance, Mustafa Vaziri Vaziri M 1993 Iran as Imagined Nation: The Construction of National Identity New York Paragon House [Google Scholar], Iran as Imagined Nation: The Construction of National Identity (Paragon House, 1993). The author's simplistic application of Benedict Anderson Anderson B 1983 Imagined Communities London Verso [Google Scholar]' s model to Iran encourages him to conclude that the civilization, political, and cultural legacy of Iran is reducible and attributable to the construction of an Iranian identity and image of political continuity by nineteenth century European Orientalism. For a more recent work, see Brenda Shafer Shafer B 2002 Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity Cambridge, MA Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press [Google Scholar], Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity (MIT Press, 2002), which reflects the political and strategic preoccupations of contemporary states such as Israel and the Republic of Azerbaijan and relies on the claims, materials, and sources produced mainly by Pan-Turkist circles in Baku rather than empirical research of Iranian Azerbaijan's socio-political and cultural orientations. 2 On historical sociology and its importance in social science research, see, Theda Skockpol Skockpol T 1995 Visions and Methods in Historical Sociology Cambridge Cambridge University Press [Google Scholar], ed., Visions and Methods in Historical Sociology (Cambridge University Press, 1995). 3 See, for example, Ahmad Ashraf Ashraf A 2004 Bohran-e Hoveyat-e Melli va Ghomi dar Iran [Crisis of national and ethnic identity in Iran] Ahmadi H Iran: Hoveyat, Melliat va Ghommiyat [Iran: Identity, nationality and ethnicity 133 170 Tehran Moa'seseh-ye Olum-e Ensani [Google Scholar], 'Bohran-e Hoveyyat-e Melli va Ghowmi dar Iran' in Hamid Ahmadi Ahmadi H 2004a Ghomiyat va Ghomgera'i dar Iran: Afsaneh ya vagheyyat [Ethnicity and ethnicism in Iran: Myth and reality], 4th ed. Tehran Nashr-e Ney [Google Scholar], ed., Iran: Hovveyat, Melliat va Ghowmmiyat [Iran: Identity, Nationality and Ethnicity](Tehran: Moa'sese-ye Olum-e Ensani, 1383/2004); and Firoozeh Kashani Sabet Kashani Sabet F 2000 Fiction Frontiers: Shaping the Iranian Nation, 1804–1946 Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press [Google Scholar], Fiction Frontiers: Shaping the Iranian Nation, 1804–1946 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). 4 I have discussed the issue of ethnicity and ethnic politics in contemporary Iran elsewhere; see Hamid Ahmadi, 'The Politics of Ethnic Nationalism in Iran', doctoral dissertation, Department of Political Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, 1995); and the published, updated Persian version, Ghomiyat va Ghom Gera'i dar Iran: Afsaneh ya vagheyat? (Nashr-e Ney, 4th ed., 2004). 5 See, for instance, Anthony D. 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See further Fereydun Adamiyat, 'Fekr-e Democrasi-ye Ejtema'i Dar Nehzat-e Mashruteyat-e Iran' [The idea of social democracy in the Iranian constitutional movement], Payman (1984): 17–18, 111–112. 36 Ervand Abrahamian Abrahamian E 1980 Kasravi: the integrative nationalist of Iran Kedourie E Haim SG Towards a Modern Iran: Studies in Thought, Politics and Society 96 132 London Frank Cass [Google Scholar], 'Kasravi: The Integrative Nationalist of Iran,' in Kedourie and Haim, p. 101. 37 Ahmad Kasravi Kasravi A 1976 Azeri Ya Zaban-e Bastan-e Azerbaijan [Azeri or the ancient language of Azerbaijan] Tehran Jar [Google Scholar], Azeri ya Zaban-e bastan-e Azerbaijan [Azeri, or the ancient language of Azerbaijan (Jar, 1355/1976). 38 Shirin Hunter Hunter S 1993 Azerbaijan: search for identity and new pattern Bremmer I Taras R Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States Cambridge Cambridge University Press [Google Scholar], 'Azerbaijan: Search for Identity and New Pattern', in Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras, eds., Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States (Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 235. 39 Taqi Arani Arani T 1924 Azerbaijan Farangistan September 247 254 [Google Scholar] (1902–40), an Iranian Marxist whose colleagues founded the Tudeh Party after his death in prison, was another Azeri Turk who strongly rejected local Azeri nationalism, stressed Iranian nationalism, believed in the Persian heritage of Iran, and considered Azerbaijan an integral part of Iran; see further Ramesh Farzanfar Farzanfar R 1992 Ethnic Groups and the State: Azaris, Kurds and Baluch of Iran PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA [Google Scholar], 'Ethnic Groups and the State: Azaris, Kurds and Baluch of Iran,' ph. d. dissertation (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992), p. 243; and Ervand Abrahamian, "Communism and Communalism in Iran: The Tudah and the Firqah-i Dimukrat,' International Journal of Middle East Studies, 1, no. 4 (October 1970): 291–316. 40 Their parties still exist and belong to the nationalist opposition against the Islamic Republic. 41 In fact, Richard Cottam points out that several of Mossadeq's most prominent National Front followers were Kurds; see, Cottam, Nationalism in Iran, p. 74. 42 Richard Cottam, Nationalism in Iran, p. 68. 43 See Vassili Nikitine Nikitine V 1987 Kurd Va Kurdistan [Kurd and Kurdistan], trans. into Persian by M. 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