Physical properties of summer sea ice in the Fram Strait

The physical properties of sea ice in the Fram Strait region of the Greenland Sea were examined during June and July 1984 in conjunction with the Marginal Ice Zone Experiment field program. Most of the ice sampled within Fram Strait during this period was multiyear. Thicknesses and other properties indicated that none of the multiyear ice was older than 4 to 5 years. Snow cover on the multiyear ice averaged 29 cm, while that on first‐year ice averaged only 8 cm deep. This difference may be related to enhanced sublimation of the snow on the thinner first‐year ice. The salinity profiles of first‐year ice clearly show the effects of ongoing brine drainage in that profiles from cores drilled later in the experiment are substantially less saline than earlier cores. Thin section examinations of crystal structure indicate that about 75% of the ice consisted of congelation ice with typically columnar type crystal structure. The remaining 25% consisted of granular ice with only a few occurrences of snow ice. The granular ice consisted primarily of frazil, found in small amounts at the top of floes but mainly observed in multiyear ridges. The horizontally oriented crystal c axes showed various degrees of alignment, ranging from no alignment to strong alignments in which the alignment direction changed with depth, implying a change in floe orientation with respect to the ocean current at the ice‐water interface during ice growth. Evidence of crystal retexturing was observed in the upper meter of nearly every multiyear core. This retexturing, consisting of grain boundary smoothing and nearly complete obliteration of the ice platelet‐brine layer substructure, is attributed to summer warming.