Commentary: A Critique of Schema Theory in Reading and a Dual Coding Alternative

sentences. In two related experiments, Wippich found integration effects that strongly favored concrete over abstract sentences in results from recognition, reconstruction, and inference tasks that tapped various aspects of text processing. His conclusions strongly support the dual coding view of qualitative differences in the integration of concrete and abstract sentences and texts. Paivio (in press) provides further explanation of and evidence for qualitative differences in the integration of concrete and abstract texts that are consistent with dual