Circular economy perspectives: challenges, innovations, and sustainable futures

Purpose This study presents a systematic review of the literature on Circular Economy (CE), examining its theoretical foundations, governance mechanisms, enabling technologies, and implementation challenges in various contexts. Design/methodology/approach Following the PRISMA guidelines, the review covers peer-reviewed articles published between 2017 and 2025. The Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched using a defined chain strategy. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 111 articles were selected and analysed thematically. Results The results highlight the fragmented and evolving nature of the debate on CE. Four main dimensions emerged: (i) conceptual foundations, with competing paradigms between economic and ecological schools; (ii) policies and governance, where regulatory gaps and incompatibilities between scales remain fundamental constraints; (iii) technological enablers, particularly digital tools and renewable solutions, with varying levels of maturity; and (iv) barriers to implementation, including financial, institutional, and cultural constraints. The literature reveals regional asymmetries, sectoral fragmentation, and limited integration of CE into broader sustainability strategies. Originality This study contributes by offering a structured synthesis of the field of CE, identifying dominant patterns and critical gaps. It also proposes a future research agenda focused on governance innovation, technological integration, and coordination between scales to promote circular transitions.