Cancer of the vagina: 2025 update

Primary vaginal cancer is a rare gynecologic malignancy, with most vaginal cancers representing metastases from other primary sites. Staging and treatment protocols are often extrapolated from those used in cervical cancer. In contemporary medicine, the roles of the pathologist and radiologist are increasingly vital in supporting diagnosis and staging. Given the rarity of this malignancy, referral to centers of excellence is recommended for further assessment and treatment.