Was Darwin Wrong About Emotional Expressions?

Emotional expressions have endured as a topic of profound scientific interest for over a century, in part due to Darwin’s classic volume, The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. Since its publication, there has been a strong, spirited debate over the origin, nature, and function of emotional expressions. In this article, I consider two basic questions: What did Darwin really write about emotional expressions, and how well does his account match the modern, conventional, “basic emotion” account? And does the scientific evidence specifically support the modern account of Darwin’s view, or are there alternative hypotheses that provide good (or even better) interpretations for the data at hand? I discuss the various ways that Darwin might be correct (and incorrect) about how emotions and their manifestations have been sculpted by natural selection.